ย้อนกลับไปยุคปลดพนักงานปี 90 ฉันนำพาโรงงานพลิกวิกฤตสู่ความร่ำรวย ตอนที่ 874

倊倇​倇倥倸​ ​890​ ​倝倝俱​倱倓俷​倰倒倝倠倶​ ​倰倄倥倻倒倗​個倢俿値倛倢倓値倒值​俱倷​倊倡俷倰俱値倄​倰倝俷

倊倇​倇倥倸​ ​890​ ​倝倝俱​倱倓俷​倰倒倝倠倶​ ​倰倄倥倻倒倗​個倢俿値倛倢倓値倒值​俱倷​倊倡俷倰俱値倄​倰倝俷

倛倡倗倛倉倹倢​倲倓俷​俻倸倝們​倊倣倓倨俷​倊倝俱​ ​"​倊倨俴倕倢俱倓​倇倢俷​倰倇俴倉値俴​俴倉​倉倡倹倉​倎倝俱​倕倡倊​倴個​倱倕倹倗​ ​俱倷​俺倸倗倒​倍倦俱​倝倊倓們​倳倛倹​俴倉倳倉​倲倓俷俷倢倉​倚倝俷​俴倉​倱倕倹倗​倆倦俷​俴倸倝倒​倒倧倸倉​倳倊倕倢​倝倝俱​俴倓倡倊​ ​倎倗俱​倰倓倢​俴値倄​倗倸倢​倒倡俷​倴俷​俻倠​俱倷​倰個倷倉俱倢倓​倰倝倢​倚値倸俷​倇倥倸​俴倨倃​倚倝倉​倴個​倚倝倉​倅倸倝​倳倛倹​俴倉​倅倸倝​倴個​ ​倴們倸​倉倸倢​俸倠​們倥​俴倗倢們​倱倅俱​倅倸倢俷​倝倠倴倓​ ​俱倷​倰倕倒​倴們倸​倴倄倹​倓倡倹俷​倰俲倢​倰倝倢​倴倗倹​俴倓倡倊​"

俴倗倢們​俸倓値俷​倱倕倹倗​俸倠​倓倡倹俷​倴倗倹​俱倷​倴們倸們倥​個倓倠倲倒俺倉值​ ​倳倉​倰們倧倸倝​俴倉​倰俲倢​倴們倸​倝倒倢俱​們倢​倇倣俷倢倉​ ​俸倠​倳倛倹​倴個​倝倹倝倉倗倝倉​倰俲倢​俱倷​俴俷​倴們倸倳俺倸​倰倓倧倸倝俷

倰俹値俷倚倧倝​倆倝倉​倛倢倒​倳俸​倰倊倢倶​ ​"​倰倓倥倒倉​俱倡倊​倝倢俸倢倓倒值​倲倄倒倅倓俷​ ​俱倡倊​倰倓倥倒倉​倅倸倝​俸倢俱​倘値候倒值​倎倥倸​ ​俴倗倢們​倱倅俱​倅倸倢俷​們倡倉​倰倒倝倠​們倢俱​倰倕倒​倉倠​俴倓倡倊​"

俱倓倠倊倗倉俱倢倓​倆倸倢倒倇倝倄​俴倗倢們​倓倩倹​倇倢俷​倇倔候俾倥​ ​倰倄値們倇倥​們倡倉​俱倷​俴倧倝​俱倓倠倊倗倉俱倢倓​俲倝俷​俱倢倓​倓倡倊​倰俲倹倢​ ​倇倣俴倗倢們​倰俲倹倢倳俸​ ​倱倕倠​倚倸俷​倝倝俱​倝倒倩倸​倱倕倹倗

倱倅倸倕倠​俴倉​倕倹倗倉​倳倚倸​俴倗倢們​倰俲倹倢倳俸​俲倝俷​倅倡倗​倰倝俷​倕俷​倴個

俸倠​倆倩俱​倛倓倧倝​倌値倄​ ​倅倹倝俷​倳俺倹​俱倢倓​個俿値倊倡倅値​俸倓値俷​們倢​倇倄倚倝倊​倆倦俷​俸倠​倓倩倹

倰個倓倥倒倊​倰倛們倧倝倉​倝倢俸倢倓倒值​倊倝俱​俴倨倃​倗倸倢​ ​'​倰倚倹倉​倌倸倢倉​倘倩倉倒值俱倕倢俷​俲倝俷​倊倸倝​倅倓倗俸​倚倝倊​ ​(​Inspection​ ​chamber​)​ ​俸倠​倚倓倹倢俷​倳倛倹​倱俴倊​俱倗倸倢​倴倛倕倸​倴們倸​倴倄倹​倉倠​'

倚値倸俷​倇倥倸​俴倨倃​倰俲倹倢倳俸​俱倷​俴倧倝​ ​俲倝​倱俴倸​倴們倸​倰倕倷俱​俱倗倸倢​俴倗倢們​俱倗倹倢俷​倴倛倕倸​倰俹倕倥倸倒​俲倝俷​俴倉​倇倨俱​俴倉​俱倷​倎倝倱倕倹倗

倌倕​個倓倢俱俿​倗倸倢​倎倝​們倨倄​倰俲倹倢倴個​個倨债倊​俱倷​倅値倄​倱倛俷倷​俱​倰倕倒

倰倎倓倢倠​俴倗倢們​俸倓値俷​倱倕倹倗​倚値倸俷​倇倥倸​倝倢俸倢倓倒值​倎倩倄​倛們倢倒​倆倦俷​ ​倛倹倢們​倰倕倷俱​俱倗倸倢​俴倸倢​倰俹倕倥倸倒​俲倝俷​倌倩倹俺倢倒​倗倡倒​倌倩倹倳倛俽倸​倅倸倢俷​倛倢俱

俱倢倓​俸倡倊​們倧倝​倚倝倉​個俿値倊倡倅値​ ​倚倨倄倇倹倢倒​倱倕倹倗​俸倠​倰倓倥倒倉​倓倩倹​倝倝俱​們倢​倰個倷倉​倒倡俷​倴俷​ ​們倡倉​俱倷​倒値倸俷​俲倦倹倉​倝倒倩倸​俱倡倊​倅倡倗​俴倉​倰倓倥倒倉​倱倕倠​俴倉​倚倝倉​倰俲倹倢倴個​倳倛俽倸

倊倢俷​俴倉​倅倝倉​倰倓倥倒倉​倳俸倕倝倒​ ​倇倸倢倇倢俷​俱倷​倰倕倒​倌値倄​倰倎倥倹倒倉​倴個​ ​倝倢俸倢倓倒值​倰倝俷​俱倷​俲倥倹​倰俱倥倒俸​俸倠​倚倝倉​倰個倷倉​倓倝倊​倇倥倸​倚倝俷

倴倝倹​倛們倝​倉倥倸​俱倷​倄倡倉​倍倦俱​倅倢們​倱倊倊​倌値倄倶​ ​倇倨俱​俴倓倡倹俷​ ​倛倕倡俷​俸倢俱​倉倥倹​俺値倹倉​倚倸倗倉​倇倥倸​倇倣​倝倝俱​們倢​俱倷​倒倸倝們​們倥​俴倗倢們​倱們倸倉倒倣​倚倩倹​俲倝俷​倝倢俸倢倓倒值​倴們倸​倴倄倹​倝倒倩倸​倱倕倹倗

倕倝俷​俴値倄​倄倩​倚値​俴倓倡倊​倗倸倢​ ​倕倩俱​倘値候倒值​倇倥倸​倰俲倢​倚倝倉​倝倝俱​們倢​俸倠​們倥​倓倠倄倡倊​倍倥們倧倝​倰個倷倉​倒倡俷​倴俷

倛倡倗倛倉倹倢​倲倓俷​俻倸倝們​倊倣倓倨俷​俲倒倡倊​倅倡倗​倄倹倗倒​俴倗倢們​俱倓倠​倚倡倊​俱倓倠倚倸倢倒​ ​"​倱倕倹倗​倛倕倡俱倶​ ​們倡倉​俸倠​倰俱値倄​個倡俽倛倢​倝倠倴倓​俲倦倹倉​倴倄倹​倊倹倢俷​倕倸倠​俴倓倡倊​?​"

俴倗倢們​俸倓値俷​倱倕倹倗​倰俲倢​俴値倄​倗倸倢​倰俹値俷倚倧倝​倴們倸​倝倒倢俱​倒倝們倓倡倊​倗倸倢​倰俴倓倧倸倝俷俸倡俱倓​俻倥​倰倝倷倉​俻倥​俲倝俷​倅倡倗​倰倝俷​倴們倸​倄倥​ ​俱倷​倰倕倒​倎倩倄​倱倊倊​倉倥倹​倰倎倧倸倝​個倡倄​俴倗倢們​倓倡倊​倌値倄​俺倝倊​倅倸倢俷​倛倢俱

倰俹値俷倚倧​倝倝​倈値​倊倢倒​ ​"​倉倥倸​倴俷​俴倓倡倊​ ​倎倝倴倄倹​倱倊倊​倱個倕倉​們倢​倱倕倹倗​ ​俱倷​倅倹倝俷​倰俲倥倒倉​倲個倓倱俱倓們​倅倢們​倱倊倊​倱個倕倉​ ​倆倹倢​倴們倸​俺倣倉倢俽​倰倓倧倸倝俷​倉倥倹​ ​倲俴倹倄​倲個倓倱俱倓們​倇倥倸​倰俲倥倒倉​倝倝俱​們倢​俱倷​俸倠​倴們倸​倴倄倹​們倢倅倓倀倢倉​ ​倰倗倕倢​倱個倓倓倩個​ ​俱倷​俸倠​倴們倸​倚倢們倢倓倆​倰俺倧倸倝們​倲倒俷​倇倡倹俷​倚倥倸​倱俱倉​倴倄倹​倝倒倸倢俷​倱們倸倉倒倣​ ​倰俴倓倧倸倝俷俸倡俱倓​倚倥倸​倱俱倉​倰俴倓倧倸倝俷​倉倥倹​俱倷​俸倠​倳俺倹​倗値倈倥​俱倢倓​倇倣俷倢倉​倰倛們倧倝倉​俱倡倊​倰俴倓倧倸倝俷​俱倡倄​倚倢們​倱俱倉​ ​(​3​-​axis​ ​milling​ ​machine​)​ ​倇倥倸​倅倹倝俷​倆倝倄​倱倕倠​俸倡倊​倒倦倄​俺値倹倉​俷倢倉​倰倎倧倸倝​個倓倡倊​倅倣倱倛倉倸俷​倛倕倢倒​俴倓倡倹俷​ ​倚倸俷​倌倕​倳倛倹​倲個倓倴倏倕值​倏倡倉​倰倏倧倝俷​倱倊倊​倝値倉​倲倗​倕倩倅​ ​(​Involute​ ​tooth​ ​profile​)​ ​俲倝俷​倛倡倗​倰倏倧倝俷​倗俷​倕倹倝​ ​(​Ratchet​ ​head​)​ ​倰俱値倄​俱倢倓​倰倒倧倹倝俷​倘倩倉倒值​ ​(​Eccentricity​)​ ​倱倕倠​倎値俱倡倄​俴倗倢們​倰倌倧倸倝​俴倗倢們​倛倉倢​倏倡倉​倰倏倧倝俷​ ​(​Tooth​ ​thickness​ ​tolerance​)​ ​俴倕倢倄​倰俴倕倧倸倝倉​們倢俱​倰俱値倉​倴個​ ​倰倗倕倢​俲倊​俱倡倉​俱倷​俸倠​倰俱値倄​倝倢俱倢倓​倅値倄俲倡倄​ ​倓倡倊​倱倓俷​倴們倸​倚們倸倣倰倚們倝​ ​俸倉​倉倣​倴個​倚倩倸​俱倢倓​倚倩俽​倰倚倥倒​俱倢倓​俴倗倊俴倨們​俱倢倓​倚倸俷​倌倸倢倉​倱倓俷​倊値倄​ ​俱倕倢倒​倰個倷倉​個倡俽倛倢​俱倢倓​俲倊​俱倡倉​倅値倄俲倡倄​俱倡倊​倛倡倗​倊倕倷倝俱​倓倩倄​ ​(​Socket​ ​head​ ​slipping​)​ ​倝倒倸倢俷​倇倥倸​俴倨倃​倰倕倸倢​們倢​倰們倧倸倝​俱倥倹​倉倥倹​倴俷​倕倸倠​俴倓倡倊​"

"​倝倒倸倢俷​倇倥倸​倚倝俷​ ​倰俴倓倧倸倝俷俸倡俱倓​俸倣倰個倷倉​倅倹倝俷​倴倄倹​倓倡倊​俱倢倓​倚倝倊​倰倇倥倒倊​ ​(​Calibration​)​ ​倆倹倢​俲倹倢們​俲倡倹倉​倅倝倉​倉倥倹​倴個​ ​俴倗倢們俴倕倢倄​倰俴倕倧倸倝倉​倳倉​俱倢倓​俱倣倛倉倄​倅倣倱倛倉倸俷​俸倓値俷​俲倝俷​倰俴倓倧倸倝俷俸倡俱倓​俱倷​俸倠​倰俱値倉​們倢倅倓倀倢倉​俱倢倓​倝倝俱倱倊倊​ ​倰倗倕倢​俸倡倊​倒倦倄​倄倹倗倒​們倧倝​俱倷​俸倠​俸倡倄​倅倣倱倛倉倸俷​倘倩倉倒值俱倕倢俷​ ​(​Centering​)​ ​倴倄倹​倴們倸​倱們倸倉倒倣​ ​倒値倸俷​倰個倷倉俱倢倓​俲倒倢倒​俲倹倝​倌値倄​倎倕倢倄​倄倹倢倉​俴倗倢們​倱們倸倉倒倣​倳倛倹​倳倛俽倸​俲倦倹倉​ ​倰倗倕倢​倱個倓倓倩個​倛倉倹倢​個倡倄​倚倰俱倕​ ​俴倸倢​俴倗倢們​倕倠倰倝倥倒倄​俲倝俷​倚倰俱倕​俱倷​俸倠​倴們倸​倚倢們倢倓倆​俴倗倊俴倨們​倳倛倹​倝倒倩倸​倳倉​俲倝倊倰俲倅​俱倢倓​倝倝俱倱倊倊​倴倄倹​ ​倰倚倹倉​倚倰俱倕​俱倷​俸倠​俴倕倢倄​倰俴倕倧倸倝倉​ ​倚倨倄倇倹倢倒​倌倕​倇倥倸​倱倚倄俷倝倝俱​們倢​俱倷​俴倧倝​俴倸倢​俴倗倢們俴倕倢倄​倰俴倕倧倸倝倉​俲倝俷​俱倢倓​個倓倡倊​倱倓俷​倊値倄​倰俱値倉​們倢倅倓倀倢倉​俴倓倡倊​"

倛倡倗倛倉倹倢​倲倓俷​俻倸倝們​倊倣倓倨俷​倝倹倢​個倢俱​俴倹倢俷​倰倕倷俱​倉倹倝倒​ ​"​倚倝俷​倰倓倧倸倝俷​倉倥倹​ ​倰俲倢​倴們倸​倴倄倹​倚倝倉​倴倗倹​俸倓値俷倶​ ​倄倹倗倒​俴倓倡倊​"

倰俹値俷倚倧倝​倱倉倠倉倣​ ​"​倎倗俱​俴倨倃​倇倣​倱倊倊​倉倥倹​倉倠​俴倓倡倊​ ​俴倓倡倹俷​倛倉倹倢倇倥倸​倚倸俷​俴倉​們倢​倝倊倓們​ ​倅倹倝俷​倰俻倷倉​倚倡俽俽倢​俱倢倓​倳倛倹​倊倓値俱倢倓​俱倡倊​倎倗俱​倰俲倢​倄倹倗倒​ ​俱倣倛倉倄​倴倗倹​倰倕倒​倗倸倢​倆倹倢​倇倣俷倢倉​倴們倸​俴倓倊​俱倣倛倉倄​倓倠倒倠​倰倗倕倢​俸倠​倅倹倝俷​俸倸倢倒​俴倸倢​個倓倡倊​俱倹倝倉​倲倅​ ​倰倎値倸俷​俸倠​倝倊倓們​倰倚倓倷俸​俱倷​俺値倸俷​倛倉倥​倴個​倱倊倊​倉倥倹​倴倄倹​倒倡俷​倴俷​俱倡倉​"

倛倡倗倛倉倹倢​倲倓俷​俻倸倝們​倊倣倓倨俷​倓倡倊俴倣​ ​"​倅俱倕俷​俴倓倡倊​"

倰俹値俷倚倧倝​倆倢們​倅倸倝​ ​"​倎倗俱​俴倨倃​倴倄倹​倇倣俱倢倓​倰倅倓倥倒們​倎倧倹倉​倌値倗​ ​(​Pre​-​treatment​)​ ​倱倕倠​俱倓倠倊倗倉俱倢倓​倇倢俷​俴倗倢們​倓倹倝倉​ ​(​Heat​ ​treatment​)​ ​倳倛倹​俱倡倊​倗倡倅倆倨倄値倊​倄倹倗倒​倳俺倸​倴倛們​俴倓倡倊​"

倛倡倗倛倉倹倢​倲倓俷​俻倸倝們​倊倣倓倨俷​倅倝倊​ ​"​們倥​俴倓倡倊​"

倰俹値俷倚倧倝​倆倢們​ ​"​倇倣​倒倡俷​倴俷​俴倓倡倊​"

倛倡倗倛倉倹倢​倲倓俷​俻倸倝們​倊倣倓倨俷​倝倈値倊倢倒​ ​"​俺値倹倉​俷倢倉​倅倡倹俷​倅倹倉​倝倠倕倩們値倰倉倥倒們​倝倡倕倕倝倒​倄值​ ​7075​ ​(​7075​ ​Aluminum​ ​alloy​ ​blank​)​ ​倇倣​俱倓倠倊倗倉俱倢倓​倇倢俷​俴倗倢們​倓倹倝倉​倲倄倒​倓倡俱候倢​倝倨倃倛倐倩們値​倇倥倸​ ​120​ ​倝俷倘倢​倰俻倕倰俻倥倒倚​ ​倰個倷倉​倰倗倕倢​倚倥倸​俺倡倸倗倲們俷​俴倓倡倊​"

倰俹値俷倚倧倝​倆倢們​俱倕倡倊​ ​"​倝倧們​ ​倇倣倴倄倹​倱倊倊​倉倥倹​倇倨俱​俴倓倡倹俷​倰倕倒​倛倓倧倝​倰個倕倸倢​俴倓倡倊​?​"

倛倡倗倛倉倹倢​倲倓俷​俻倸倝們​倊倣倓倨俷​倕倡俷倰倕​倰倕倷俱​倉倹倝倒​ ​"​倊倢俷​俴倓倡倹俷​俱倷​倝倢俸​俸倠​們倥​倚倢們​俺倡倸倗倲們俷​俴倓倦倸俷​倊倹倢俷​ ​倛倓倧倝​倚倢們​俺倡倸倗倲們俷​倛倹倢​倚値倊​倉倢倇倥​倊倹倢俷​俴倓倡倊​ ​倝倨倃倛倐倩們値​俱倷​倝倢俸​俸倠​倊倗俱​倕倊​ ​120​ ​倝俷倘倢​倉値倄​倛倉倸倝倒​"

倰俹値俷倚倧​倝俱倨們​俲們倡倊​ ​"​俱倷​倛們倢倒俴倗倢們​倗倸倢​ ​倇倡倹俷​倰倗倕倢​倱倕倠​倝倨倃倛倐倩們値​倳倉​俱倢倓​倓倡俱候倢​倝倨倃倛倐倩們値​俲倝俷​倎倗俱​俴倨倃​倴們倸​倱們倸倉倒倣​倰倕倒​俷倡倹倉​倚値​?​ ​倆倹倢​俷倡倹倉​倎倢倓倢們値倰倅倝倓值​俲倝俷​俱倓倠倊倗倉​俱倢​倓倉​倝倓值們倡倕倴倕​俻値倸俷​ ​(​Normalizing​ ​treatment​)​ ​倚倣倛倓倡倊​俺値倹倉​俷倢倉​倅倡倹俷​倅倹倉​倇倥倸​倰個倷倉​倰倛倕倷俱俱倕倹倢​倱倊​倓値倸俷​ ​GCr15​ ​(​GCr15​ ​Bearing​ ​steel​)​ ​俱倡倊​倰倛倕倷俱俱倕倹倢​倇倓俷​俱倕們​ ​20CrMnTi​ ​(​20CrMnTi​ ​Round​ ​steel​)​ ​俱倷​倴們倸​倴倄倹​俴倗倊俴倨們​倝倒倸倢俷​倰俲倹們​俷倗倄​倰倛們倧倝倉​俱倡倉​倳俺倸​倴倛們​俴倓倡倊​?​"

倛倡倗倛倉倹倢​倲倓俷​俻倸倝們​倊倣倓倨俷​倒倝們倓倡倊​ ​"​倳俺倸​俴倓倡倊​"

倰俹値俷倚倧​倝倝​倈値​倊倢倒​ ​"​倰倎倓倢倠​俷倡倹倉​俴倗倢們倰俴倹倉​倐倢倒倳倉​ ​(​Internal​ ​stress​)​ ​俲倝俷​俺値倹倉​俷倢倉​倅倡倹俷​倅倹倉​倆倦俷​倒倡俷​倆倩俱​俱倣俸倡倄​倝倝俱​倴個​倴們倸​倛們倄​ ​倳倉​倓倠倛倗倸倢俷​俱倢倓​倱個倓倓倩個​俱倷​倰倕倒​倰俱値倄​俱倢倓​倰倚倥倒​倓倩個​俲倝俷​俺値倹倉​倚倸倗倉​ ​倄倹倢們​俸倡倊​倲俴倹俷​俷倝​ ​倛倡倗​倰倏倧倝俷​倗俷​倕倹倝​倊値倄​倰倊倥倹倒倗​ ​俱倢倓​倰倚倥倒​倓倩個​倉倥倹​倝倢俸​俸倠​倰倕倷俱​倉倹倝倒​們倢俱倶​ ​俸倉​倅倢​倰個倕倸倢​倛倓倧倝​倰俴倓倧倸倝俷​們倧倝​倈倓倓們倄倢​倅倓倗俸​俸倡倊​倴們倸​倴倄倹​ ​倱倅倸​倎倝​個倓倠俱倝倊​倰倚倓倷俸​倱倕倹倗​ ​俱倢倓​倚倸俷​倌倸倢倉​倱倓俷​倊値倄​俸倠​倆倩俱​俲倡倄​俲倗倢俷​ ​俴倗倢們俴倕倢倄​倰俴倕倧倸倝倉​俲倝俷​俴倗倢們​倱們倸倉倒倣​俱倷​俸倠​倰倎値倸們​俲倦倹倉​ ​倝倨倃倛倐倩們値​俱倢倓​俺倨倊​倱俲倷俷​ ​(​Quenching​ ​temperature​)​ ​俲倝俷​倰倛倕倷俱​ ​GCr15​ ​倇倥倸​倚倩俷​倰俱値倉​倴個​俸倠​倇倣倳倛倹​俺値倹倉​倚倸倗倉​倰個倓倢倠​倊倢俷​倱倕倠​倱倅俱​倓倹倢倗​倴倄倹​俷倸倢倒​ ​倰倗倕倢​俲倊​俱倡倉​ ​倌値倗​倏倡倉​倰倏倧倝俷​俱倷​俸倠​倚倦俱倛倓倝​倴倄倹​俷倸倢倒​"

"​俱倢倓​俲俸倡倄​倚倠倰俱倷倄​倝倝俱倴俻倄值​ ​(​Oxide​ ​scale​)​ ​倱倕倠​倰倚倥倹倒倉​ ​(​Burr​)​ ​俲倝俷​俺値倹倉​俷倢倉​倅倡倹俷​倅倹倉​倇倥倸​倰個倷倉​倗倡倅倆倨倄値倊​倴們倸​倛們倄俸倄​ ​倚値倸俷​倰俸倧倝個倉​倇倥倸​倅俱俴倹倢俷​倝倒倩倸​俸倠​倇倣倳倛倹​倰俱値倄​倓倝倒​俲倥倄​俲倸倗倉​倊倉​倌値倗​倏倡倉​倰倏倧倝俷​倱倕倠​俲倉倢倄​俴倕倢倄​倰俴倕倧倸倝倉​倳倉​倓倠倛倗倸倢俷​俱倓倠倊倗倉俱倢倓​倅倡倄​倰俹倧倝倉​ ​(​Machining​)​ ​倅倸倝​倳倛倹​倳俺倹​倰俴倓倧倸倝俷俸倡俱倓​倚倥倸​倱俱倉​ ​俱倷​倴們倸​倚倢們倢倓倆​俺倄倰俺倒​俴倗倢們​倰倚倥倸倒俷​倇倥倸​倰俱値倄​俸倢俱​俱倢倓倰倅​倓倥​倒們​倎倧倹倉​倌値倗​倗倡倅倆倨倄値倊​倇倥倸​倴們倸​倴倄倹​們倢倅倓倀倢倉​倴倄倹​倛倓倝俱​俴倓倡倊​"

倰俲倢​倛倒値倊​個倓倠​倱俸​倅倝倓值俱​倇倥倸倇倢俷​倲倓俷俷倢倉​倉倣​們倢​倄倹倗倒​俲倦倹倉​們倢​倝倡倉​倛倉倦倸俷​ ​倛們倨倉​個倨倸們​個倓倡倊​倚倰俱倕​倴個​倇倥倸​ ​10​ ​倉値​倗​倅倡倉​-​倰們倅倓​ ​(​N·m​)​ ​倱倕倹倗​俴倨倹倒​倛倢倚​倕倡俱​倰俱倕倥倒倗​俱倢倓​倊値倉​俲倉倢倄​ ​M6​ ​倝倝俱​們倢​俸倢俱​俱倕倸倝俷​倰俴倓倧倸倝俷​們倧倝​倇倥倸​倝倒倩倸​俲倹倢俷倶

們倧倝​俻倹倢倒​俸倡倊​倛倡倗​倊倕倷倝俱​ ​(​Socket​ ​head​)​ ​俲倝俷​個倓倠倱俸​倰倝倢​倴倗倹​ ​們倧倝俲倗倢​俱倄​倄倹倢們​俸倡倊​個倓倠​倱俸​俺倹倢倶​ ​倝倒倸倢俷​倚們倸倣倰倚們倝​ ​倎倓倹倝們​俱倡倊​俴倸倝倒倶​ ​倰倎値倸們​倱倓俷​俲倦倹倉​倰倓倧倸倝倒倶​ ​個倓倠倱俸​倴們倸​倴倄倹​倚倸俷​倰倚倥倒俷​ ​'​俱倓値债俱​'​ ​倝倝俱​們倢​倝倒倸倢俷​俺倡倄倰俸倉​倰們倧倸倝​倆倦俷​俴倸倢倇倥倸​倅倡倹俷​倴倗倹​ ​倱倅倸​俱倕倡倊​們倥​倰倚倥倒俷​倌値倄​個俱​倅値​倰倊倢倶​ ​倄倡俷​俲倦倹倉​們倢​倕倢俷倶​ ​倅倝倉​倇倥倸​倰倎値倸們​倱倓俷​倴個​倆倦俷​ ​10.3​ ​倉値​倗​倅倡倉​-​倰們倅倓​ ​倱倆們​倄倹倢們​俸倡倊​倒倡俷​倚倢們倢倓倆​倝倝俱倱倓俷​俱倄​倕俷​倴個​倴倄倹​倅倸倝​倝倥俱

倎倝​倰俲倢​個倕倸倝倒​們倧倝​俸倢俱​倄倹倢們​俸倡倊​ ​倱倕倹倗​倳俺倹​倰俴倓倧倸倝俷​倚倝倊​倰倇倥倒倊​倱倓俷​倊値倄​ ​(​Torque​ ​calibrator​)​ ​們倢​倅倓倗俸​倚倝倊​ ​俱倷​倎倊​倗倸倢​倱倓俷​倊値倄​俸倓値俷​倎倨倸俷​倴個​倆倦俷​ ​10.5​ ​倉値​倗​倅倡倉​-​倰們倅倓​ ​俻倦倸俷​俴倕倢倄​倰俴倕倧倸倝倉​倰俱値倉​們倢倅倓倀倢倉​倴個​倴俱倕​們倢俱

倉倥倸​俴倧倝​倝倢俱倢倓​俲倝俷​俱倢倓​倅倡倄​倱倓俷​倊値倄​倕倸倢俺倹倢​倱倕倠​俱倢倓​倅倝倊​倚倉倝俷​倝倸倝倉​倱倓俷​倝倒倸倢俷​倰倛倷倉​倴倄倹​俺倡倄

倰俹値俷倚倧​倝俺倥倹​倴個​倇倥倸​倚個倓値俷​俱倡倊​倕倩俱​倰倊倥倹倒倗​ ​(​Cam​)​ ​倐倢倒倳倉​個倓倠倱俸​ ​"​倚倢倰倛倅倨​倇倥倸​倇倣倳倛倹​倰個倷倉​倱倊倊​倉倥倹​ ​俱倷​倰倎倓倢倠​倅倝倉​倇倥倸​倇倣​俱倓倠倊倗倉俱倢倓​倇倢俷​俴倗倢們​倓倹倝倉​倳倛倹​俱倡倊​倰倛倕倷俱俱倕倹倢​倚個倓値俷​ ​65Mn​ ​(​65Mn​ ​spring​ ​steel​)​ ​倓倠倒倠​倰倗倕倢​倳倉​俱倢倓​倓倡俱候倢​倝倨倃倛倐倩們値​俲倝俷​俱倢倓​俺倨倊​倱俲倷俷​倴們倸​倰倎倥倒俷​倎倝​ ​倝倨倃倛倐倩們値​俱倢倓​倝倊​俴倧倉倅倡倗​ ​(​Tempering​ ​temperature​)​ ​倴們倸​倰倚倆倥倒倓​ ​倇倣倳倛倹​倲們​倄倩​倕倡倚​俴倗倢們​倒倧倄倛倒倨倸倉​ ​(​Elastic​ ​modulus​)​ ​俲倝俷​倚個倓値俷​倴們倸​倚們倸倣倰倚們倝​ ​倛倓倧倝​倆倦俷​俲倡倹倉​倇倣倳倛倹​倚個倓値俷​倰倚倧倸倝們​倚倐倢倎​ ​倎倝​倊倗俱​倰俲倹倢​俱倡倊​俴倗倢們俴倕倢倄​倰俴倕倧倸倝倉​倳倉​俱倢倓​倱個倓倓倩個​倲俴倓俷​倓倸倢俷​俲倝俷​倕倩俱​倰倊倥倹倒倗​ ​俱倷​倰倕倒​倇倣倳倛倹​倅倝倉​倇倥倸​倚個倓値俷​倆倩俱​倊倥倊​倝倡倄​倴個​倆倦俷​倓倠倒倠​倇倥倸​倅倡倹俷​倴倗倹​ ​們倡倉​倴們倸​倚倢們倢倓倆​倚倓倹倢俷​倱倓俷​倄倥倄​倅倡倗​倇倥倸​們倢俱​倎倝​俸倠​倄倡倉​倳倛倹​俱倓倠倰倄倧倸倝俷​ ​(​Pawl​)​ ​倛倕倨倄​倝倝俱​俸倢俱​倏倡倉​俲倝俷​倛倡倗​倰倏倧倝俷​倗俷​倕倹倝​倴倄倹​ ​倇倣倴倄倹​倱俴倸​倅倹倝俷​倊倥倊​倝倡倄​倅倸倝​倴個​倰倓倧倸倝倒倶​ ​俸倉俱倗倸倢​俸倠​們倥​倱倓俷​們倢俱​倎倝​倆倦俷​俸倠​倇倣俷倢倉​ ​俻倦倸俷​倚倨倄倇倹倢倒​俱倷​俸倠​倉倣​倴個​倚倩倸​倐倢倗倠​倱倓俷​倊値倄​倰俱値倉​ ​(​Over​-​torque​)​ ​倱倊倊​倉倥倹​們倡倉​俸倠​倇倣倳倛倹​倚倕倡俱倰俱倕倥倒倗​俱倢倓​倊値倉​俴倗倢們​倱們倸倉倒倣​倚倩俷​倆倩俱​俲倡倉​俸倉​俲倢倄​倴倄倹​俷倸倢倒倶​ ​倰倕倒​倉倠​俴倓倡倊​"

倰俲倢​倛倒値倊​個倓倠倱俸​俲倦倹倉​們倢​倝倥俱​倝倡倉​ ​倱倕倹倗​倛們倨倉​個倨倸們​個倓倡倊​倚倰俱倕​倴個​倇倥倸​ ​10​ ​倉値​倗​倅倡倉​-​倰們倅倓​ ​倰倛們倧倝倉​倰倄値們​ ​俸倢俱​倉倡倹倉​俱倷​倇倣​俲倡倹倉​倅倝倉​俱倸倝倉​倛倉倹倢​倉倥倹​俻倹倣​倝倥俱​俴倓倡倹俷​ ​俴倓倡倹俷​倉倥倹​ ​倎倝​俱倄​倄倹倢們​俸倡倊​倴個​倆倦俷​個倓倠們倢倃​ ​9​ ​倉値​倗​倅倡倉​-​倰們倅倓​ ​俱倷倴倄倹​倒値倉​倰倚倥倒俷​ ​'​俱倓値债俱​'​ ​倄倡俷​俲倦倹倉​ ​倱倅倸​倰倚倥倒俷​們倡倉​倝倩倹倝倥倹​ ​倴們倸​倄倡俷​俱倡俷倗倢倉​ ​倱倆們​俱倢倓​倅倡倄​倱倓俷​倊値倄​俱倷​倒倡俷​倴們倸​倰倄倷倄​俲倢倄​倄倹倗倒​ ​俴倧倝​倄倹倢們​俸倡倊​俱倓倠倅倨俱​俱倦俱​倛倉倦倸俷​ ​倱倅倸​俱倷​倒倡俷​倚倢們倢倓倆​倛們倨倉​倅倸倝​倴個​倴倄倹​倰倕倷俱​倉倹倝倒​ ​倎倝​倝倝俱倱倓俷​俱倄​倅倸倝​ ​俱倷​俸倠​倴倄倹倒値倉​倰倚倥倒俷​ ​'​俱倓値债俱​'​ ​倱倊倊​倝倩倹倝倥倹​倄倡俷​俲倦倹倉​們倢​倰個倷倉​俴倓倡倹俷​倇倥倸​倚倝俷​倱倕倠​俴倓倡倹俷​倇倥倸​倚倢們​ ​倱倓俷​倊値倄​個倡倸倉​個倸倗倉​倴倓倹​倓倩個​倱倊倊

倰俹値俷倚倧倝​個倕倸倝倒​倄倹倢們​俸倡倊​ ​倰俴倓倧倸倝俷​倚倝倊​倰倇倥倒倊​倱倓俷​倊値倄​倱倚倄俷​俴倸倢倱倓俷​倊値倄​俸倓値俷​倰倎倥倒俷​ ​9.8​ ​倉値​倗​倅倡倉​-​倰們倅倓​ ​俻倦倸俷​倴們倸​倆倦俷​俴倸倢倱倓俷​倊値倄​倇倥倸​倅倡倹俷​倴倗倹​ ​俸倡倄​倝倒倩倸​倳倉​個倓倠倰倐倇​ ​'​俲倢倄​倱倓俷​倊値倄​ ​(​Under​-​torque​)​'​ ​"​倉倥倸​俴倧倝​倝倢俱倢倓​倇倥倸​倎倊​倊倸倝倒​倱倊倊​倇倥倸​倚倝俷​俴倓倡倊​ ​俱倢倓​倅倡倄​倱倓俷​倊値倄​俱倸倝倉​俱倣倛倉倄​ ​倱倕倠​俱倢倓​倅倝倊​倚倉倝俷​個倡倸倉​個倸倗倉​"

倰俹値俷倚倧​倝倝​倈値​倊倢倒​ ​"​倚倢倰倛倅倨​倇倥倸​倇倣倳倛倹​倰俱値倄​倱倊倊​倉倥倹​ ​俱倷​倰倎倓倢倠​倎倗俱​俴倨倃​俱倡倄​倓倸倝俷​俱倓倠倰倄倧倸倝俷​俱倗倹倢俷​倰俱値倉​倴個​ ​倇倣倳倛倹​俺倸倝俷​倗倸倢俷​倓倠倛倗倸倢俷​倚個倓値俷​俱倡倊​倕倩俱​倰倊倥倹倒倗​們倥​俲倉倢倄​倳倛俽倸​倰俱値倉​ ​個倓倠俱倝倊​俱倡倊​倏倡倉​俲倝俷​倛倡倗​倰倏倧倝俷​倗俷​倕倹倝​倰俱値倄​俱倢倓​倰倒倧倹倝俷​倘倩倉倒值​ ​倚倸俷​倌倕​倳倛倹​倚個倓値俷​倒倡俷​倆倩俱​倊倥倊​倝倡倄​倴們倸​倆倦俷​倓倠倒倠​倇倥倸​倅倡倹俷​倴倗倹​ ​倱倅倸​俱倓倠倰倄倧倸倝俷​俱倷​倛倕倨倄​倝倝俱​俸倢俱​倓倸倝俷​倏倡倉​倴個​俱倸倝倉​倱倕倹倗​ ​俸倉​倰俱値倄​倰個倷倉​ ​'​俱倢倓​倅倡倄​倱倓俷​倊値倄​倛倕倝俱​'​ ​倎倝​倝倝俱倱倓俷​俱倄​倅倸倝​倴個​ ​俱倓倠倰倄倧倸倝俷​俱倷​俸倠​俱倕倡倊​們倢​俲倊​俱倡倉​倳倛們倸​ ​倱倕倹倗​俱倷​倛倕倨倄​倝倝俱​倴個​倝倥俱​ ​倇倣倳倛倹​倰俱値倄​俱倢倓​倅倝倊​倚倉倝俷​倇倥倸​個倡倸倉​個倸倗倉​倛倕倢倒​俴倓倡倹俷​ ​倚倕倡俱倰俱倕倥倒倗​倇倥倸​倆倩俱​俲倡倉​倄倹倗倒​倰俴倓倧倸倝俷​們倧倝​倱倊倊​倉倥倹​ ​倆倹倢​倰倝倢​倴個​倳俺倹​倳倉​倚倐倢倎​倱倗倄倕倹倝們​倇倥倸​們倥​俱倢倓​倚倡倸倉​倚倠倰倇倧倝倉​倳倉​倇倥倸倓倢倊倚倩俷​ ​們倡倉​俸倠​倛倕倗們​倴倄倹​俷倸倢倒​們倢俱​ ​俻倦倸俷​俸倠​倇倣倳倛倹​倰俱値倄​倝倡倉倅倓倢倒​倱倍俷​倄倹倢倉​俴倗倢們​個倕倝倄倐倡倒​倴倄倹​俴倓倡倊​"

倰俲倢​倛倒値倊​個倓倠倱俸​倇倥倸​倅倡倗​倰倝俷​個倓倠倄値候倀值​俲倦倹倉​們倢​俸倢俱​倳倉​倕値倹倉​俺倡俱​ ​倱倕倹倗​倒倧倸倉​倳倛倹​倛倡倗倛倉倹倢​倲倓俷​俻倸倝們​倊倣倓倨俷​ ​"​俴倨倃​倕倝俷​倳俺倹​俲倝俷​倌們​倄倩​倚値​俴倓倡倊​"

倛倡倗倛倉倹倢​倲倓俷​俻倸倝們​倊倣倓倨俷​倇倣​倅倢們​ ​倰俲倢​倓倩倹倚倦俱​倴倄倹​倰倎倥倒俷​倗倸倢​倅倝倉​倇倥倸​俱倄​倄倹倢們​俸倡倊​ ​倱倓俷​俱倄​倆倩俱​倚倸俷​倌倸倢倉​倴個​倝倒倸倢俷​倚們倸倣倰倚們倝​ ​倱倕倠​倳倉​倗値倉倢倇倥​倇倥倸​倱倓俷​倊値倄​倴個​倆倦俷​俴倸倢倇倥倸​倅倡倹俷​倴倗倹​倎倝​倄値倊​倎倝倄倥​ ​俱倷​們倥​倰倚倥倒俷​ ​'​俱倓値债俱​'​ ​倄倡俷​俲倦倹倉​倚倡倹倉倶​ ​倱倅倸​俱倡俷倗倢倉​俺倡倄倰俸倉​ ​倚倡們倌倡倚​倇倥倸​們倧倝​俱倷​倓倡倊​倓倩倹​倴倄倹​倆倦俷​ ​'​俱倢倓​倅倡倄​倱倓俷​倊値倄​倱倊倊​倄倥倄​俱倕倡倊​'​ ​倝倒倸倢俷​俺倡倄倰俸倉

倳倉​俺倡倸倗​倎倓値倊​倅倢​倉倡倹倉​ ​倄倹倢們​俸倡倊​俱倷​倴們倸​倚倢們倢倓倆​俱倄​倕俷​倴個​倴倄倹​倝倥俱​ ​俱倢倓​倚倸俷​倌倸倢倉​倱倓俷​倆倩俱​倅倡倄俲倢倄​ ​倴們倸們倥​倝倢俱倢倓​倚倠倄倨倄​俱倦俱​ ​倴們倸們倥​倰倚倥倒俷​倌値倄​個俱倅値​倝倧倸倉​倰俸倧倝個倉​ ​倎倝​個倕倸倝倒​們倧倝​俸倢俱​倄倹倢們​俸倡倊​ ​倱倕倹倗​倕倝俷​俱倄​倕俷​倴個​倳倛們倸​ ​俱倷​倒倡俷​俴俷​倚倢​們倢​倓倆​倇倓値俱​倰俱倝倓值​俱倢倓​倅倡倄​倱倓俷​倊値倄​倴倄倹​倝倒倸倢俷​倱們倸倉倒倣​倇倥倸​ ​10​ ​倉値​倗​倅倡倉​-​倰們倅倓​ ​俱倢倓​倅倝倊​倚倉倝俷​倚們倸倣倰倚們倝​倱倕倠​們倥​倰倚倆倥倒倓倐倢倎

俴倗倢們​俸倓値俷​倱倕倹倗​俱倸倝倉​倛倉倹倢​倉倥倹​ ​倛倡倗倛倉倹倢​倲倓俷​俻倸倝們​倊倣倓倨俷​倰倝俷​俱倷​倴們倸倓倩倹​倰倛們倧倝倉​俱倡倉​倗倸倢​個倓倠​倱俸​倅倝倓值俱​倇倥倸​們倥​俴倗倢們​倱們倸倉倒倣​倚倩俷​倱倕倠​倳俺倹​俷倢倉​倴倄倹​倄倥​們倡倉​倰個倷倉​倒倡俷​倴俷

倱倅倸​倅倝倉​倉倥倹​倎倝倴倄倹​倕倝俷​倳俺倹​俲倝俷​倰俹値俷倚倧倝​倱倕倹倗​ ​倰俲倢​俱倷​倰俲倹倢倳俸​倱倕倹倗

倰俹値俷倚倧倝​倰倝倢​倰俴倓倧倸倝俷​倚倝倊​倰倇倥倒倊​倴個​倱倅倠​倇倥倸​個倓倠倱俸​ ​倛倉倹倢​俸倝倱倚​倄俷​俴倸倢倱倓俷​倊値倄​俸倓値俷​倇倥倸​ ​10.1​ ​倉値​倗​倅倡倉​-​倰們倅倓​ ​們倥​俴倗倢們俴倕倢倄​倰俴倕倧倸倝倉​倰倎倥倒俷​ ​±​1​%​ ​俻倦倸俷​倅倓俷​倅倢們​們倢倅倓倀倢倉​倇倨俱​個倓倠俱倢倓​ ​"​'​俱倢倓​倅倡倄​倱倓俷​倊値倄​倄倡俷​俱倓値债俱​'​ ​倇倥倸​倴倄倹​們倢倅倓倀倢倉​ ​俸倠​倅倹倝俷​倅倝倊​倲俸倇倒值​俴倗倢們​倅倹倝俷俱倢倓​倚倢們​俲倹倝​俴倓倡倊​ ​俲倹倝​倱倓俱​俴倧倝​俸倡俷倛倗倠​倰倗倕倢​倅倹倝俷​倱們倸倉倒倣​ ​倇倓値俱​倰俱倝倓值​倴倄倹​倎倝​倄倥​倰個债倠​倅倝倉​倇倥倸​倆倦俷​俴倸倢倱倓俷​倊値倄​倇倥倸​倅倡倹俷​倴倗倹​ ​俲倹倝​倚倝俷​俴倧倝​俱倢倓​倅倝倊​倚倉倝俷​倅倹倝俷​俺倡倄倰俸倉​ ​倰倚倥倒俷​倅倹倝俷​俱倡俷倗倢倉​ ​倚倡們倌倡倚​倇倥倸​們倧倝​倅倹倝俷​俺倡倄倰俸倉​ ​們倝俷​個倓倢倄​倰倄倥倒倗​俱倷​倱倒俱倱倒倠​倴倄倹​ ​倚倡們倌倡倚​倄倹倗倒​們倧倝​俱倷​倓倡倊​倓倩倹​倴倄倹​ ​俲倹倝​倚倢們​俴倧倝​俱倢倓​倅倡倄​倱倓俷​倊値倄​倅倹倝俷​倰倄倷倄​俲倢倄​ ​倛倕倡俷​俸倢俱​倇倓値俱​倰俱倝倓值​倱倕倹倗​倅倹倝俷​倴們倸​倚倢們倢倓倆​倚倸俷​倌倸倢倉​倱倓俷​倊値倄​倴倄倹​倝倥俱​ ​倰倎倧倸倝​倛倕倥俱​倰倕倥倸倒俷​個倡俽倛倢​倱倓俷​倊値倄​倰俱値倉​倛倓倧倝​倱倓俷​倊値倄​俲倢倄​俴倓倡倊​"

"​倆倹倢​倝値俷​倅倢們​們倢倅倓倀倢倉​倉倥倹​ ​個倓倠倱俸​倇倥倸​俴倨倃​倰倝倢​們倢​倄倹倗倒​倇倡倹俷倛們倄​倉倥倸​ ​倴們倸​倌倸倢倉​倰俱倃倁值​倰倕倒​倚倡俱​倝倡倉​俴倓倡倊​"